MBBS OSCE · Dermatology / Respiratory / Ophthalmology

OSCE — non-caseating granulomas on skin and Löfgren: diagnose cutaneous sarcoidosis

An 8-minute OSCE station on specific vs non-specific cutaneous sarcoidosis, lupus pernio and scar sarcoid, Löfgren syndrome, systemic work-up, and stepwise therapy from topical steroids to systemic agents per ERS framing.

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Exam tags

NEET-PGINICETUSMLEPLABMRCP

Brief (to candidate)

A 34-year-old woman presents with tender red pretibial nodules, bilateral ankle arthritis and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on CXR. A second patient has violaceous plaques on the nose and cheeks (lupus pernio) with chronic cough. You have 8 minutes to classify cutaneous sarcoidosis, complete systemic staging, and outline treatment intensity.

Candidate instructions

  1. Define sarcoidosis histologically and list major organ targets.
  2. Separate specific (granulomatous) cutaneous forms from non-specific EN/Löfgren.
  3. Recognise lupus pernio, scar sarcoid, and red-flag organ disease.
  4. Plan work-up (CXR/HRCT, eyes, ECG/cardiac, calcium, ACE with caveats).
  5. Outline therapy ladder from observation/topicals to systemic agents.

Examiner checklist (mark each domain / 10)

DomainKey actions expected
DefinitionMultisystem disease with non-caseating ("naked") granulomas; lungs ~90%, skin 25–30%, eyes, nodes, heart, CNS possible[1]
Specific skinMaculopapular, plaque, nodular, lupus pernio (chronic disfiguring centrofacial), scar/tattoo infiltration — biopsy shows sarcoidal granulomas[3][4]
Non-specific / LöfgrenErythema nodosum + bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy ± migratory polyarthritis/fever = Löfgren syndrome — acute sarcoid phenotype with good prognosis; EN itself is not granulomatous skin sarcoid[5]
DiagnosisCompatible clinicoradiology + non-caseating granulomas on tissue when needed + exclusion of TB/fungi/foreign body; CXR stages; serum calcium; eye exam; ECG/cardiac symptoms pathway
Red flagsCardiac sarcoid (block, VT, sudden death risk); neurosarcoid; hypercalcaemia; chronic fibrotic lung disease; treatment-resistant lupus pernio signalling chronic systemic disease
TherapyLimited skin: potent topicals/intralesional steroids; systemic disease/disfiguring skin: oral corticosteroids first-line systemic; steroid-sparing (MTX, etc.) and advanced agents per organ severity — align with ERS treatment principles[2]
CommunicationExplain EN/Löfgren often self-limited vs chronic plaque/lupus pernio needing long-term care

Model key actions

  • Diagnose Löfgren from EN + bilateral hilar adenopathy ± arthritis and recognise excellent prognosis.[1][5]
  • Label lupus pernio as chronic specific cutaneous sarcoid needing systemic staging and often systemic therapy.[3]
  • Screen eyes, heart, calcium, lungs before assuming "skin-only" disease.[2]

Common errors

  • Treating EN as infection without looking for sarcoid/TB/strep/IBD triggers.
  • Missing cardiac screening in systemic sarcoidosis.
  • Assuming ACE level alone diagnoses sarcoidosis.
  • Biopsying classic complete Löfgren unnecessarily when clinical diagnosis is clear, or conversely failing to biopsy atypical chronic plaques.
  • Ignoring ocular sarcoid risk (uveitis).
References5Show
  1. [1]Sève P, Pacheco Y, Durupt F, et al. Sarcoidosis: A Clinical Overview from Symptoms to Diagnosis. Cells, 2021.PMID 33807303
  2. [2]Baughman RP, Valeyre D, Korsten P, et al. ERS clinical practice guidelines on treatment of sarcoidosis. The European respiratory journal, 2021.PMID 34140301
  3. [3]Ezeh N, Caplan A, Rosenbach M, et al. Cutaneous Sarcoidosis. Dermatologic Clinics, 2023.PMID 37236714
  4. [4]Abdelghaffar M, Hwang E, Damsky W. Cutaneous Sarcoidosis. Clinics in chest medicine, 2024.PMID 38245372
  5. [5]Pérez-Garza DM, Chavez-Alvarez S, Ocampo-Candiani J, et al. Erythema Nodosum: A Practical Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 2021.PMID 33683567
OSCE — non-caseating granulomas on skin and Löfgren: diagnose cutaneous sarcoidosis · MBBS OSCE · NeetVellum